Normalization ERD Exercise

Below is an ER diagram that we normalization.

1NF

The Next Form above is a form of Normalization 1NF. These fields obtained from the above entities except in the attribute field KONTROLPEG and PEMIMPIN. Where a lot of employees to control personal and an officer of the only controlled by an officer of the course. An employee can lead the section and led by only one employee only. as an example is the attribute that points FD1 is NOPEG so that all attribute values are dependent upon the NOPEG.

2NF

At this stage, the table may have been separated with Functional Dependency has happened in 1NF. So that the image can be as follows:

3NF

All attributes in the table depend only on one attribute on the table. This is in accordance with the form of 3NF in the table all the attributes one must depend on the one attribute that serves as a primary key. We take the example in the BAGIAN table, that primary key is NOBAG and other attributes in the table depending on the BAGIAN NOBAG (NOBAG à (NABAG, LOKASI, PIMPINAN)). Table KERJA form relationships because of M: N between entity personnel and entities PROJECT.

Normalization

Database design process

• Gather user needs / business
• Develop a needs-based ER Model user / business
• Convert E-R model to the set of relations (tables)
• Normalized relations, to remove anomalies
• Implemented to create a database with a table for each relationship that is normalized

Database Normalization

• Normalization process is the establishment of the database structure so that most of the ambiguity can be removed.
• Normalization stage, starting from the most mild (1NF) to most stringent (5NF)
• Usually only up to the level of 3NF or BCNF because already sufficient to generate the table-a table of good quality.

Database Normalization (2)

Why do normalization?

• Optimizing table structures
• Increase speed
• The income data is the same
• More efficient in the use of storage media
• Reduce redundancy
• Avoid anomalies (insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update anomalies).
• Improved data integrity

Database Normalization (3)

• A table saying good (efficient) or if the normal 3 to meet the following criteria:
  1. If there is decomposition (decomposition) table, it must be guaranteed safe that decomposition (Lossless-Join Decomposition). That is, after the table is described / to decomposition a new table-table, the table-table can generate a new table with the same exact.
  2. Maintain dependence on the functional changes in data (Dependency preservation).
  3. Does not violate Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF)
• If the three criteria (BCNF) can not be met, then at least the table does not violate the Normal Form of the third stage (3rd Normal Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency (1)

• Functional Dependency describes a relationship attributes in relation
• An attribute said functionally dependant on the other, if we use the value attribute to determine the value of the other attributes.
• Symbols are used à to represent the functional dependency.

à Read determine the functional

• Notation: A à B
  A and B are attributes of a table. A means of determining the functional B or B depends on A, if and only if there are 2 rows of data with the same value of A, then B is also the same value
  Notation: A à B or A xà B
  It is the opposite of the previous notation.

Functional Dependency of the table value

Nrp à Name
Because for each value Nrp the same, then the value of the same name
(Mata_kuliah, NRP) à Value
Because the value of attributes depending on the NRP and Mata_kuliah together. In another sense Mata_kuliah for the NRP and the same, they also rated the same, because Mata_kuliah and the NRP is a key (is unique).
Mata_kuliah à NRP

NRP à Value

First Normal Form – 1NF

A table on the form said to be normal I if did not reside in the un-normalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty)

Not to may:

• Many attributes of value (Multi valued attributes).
• Attributes composite or a combination of both.

So:

• Price is the domain attribute must be atomic rates

Second Normal Form – 2NF

• Normal form 2NF met in a table if it meets the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full Functional Dependency on primary key
• A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that dependence (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key)
• If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed.
• Functional dependency X à Y is full if it is said to delete an attribute A from X means that Y is no longer dependent functional.
• Functional dependency X à Y said if deleting a partial attribute A from X means that Y is functionally dependent.

· Scheme of Relationship R in the form of 2NF if each every attribute of is non primary key A € R hinge full of by functional at primary key R.

• Tables in the following is fulfilling 1NF, but [do] not the inclusive of 2NF :

{NIM, KodeMk} → NameMhs

{NIM, KodeMk} → Address

{NIM, KodeMk} → Matakuliah

{NIM, KodeMk} → Sks

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue

Third Normal Form – 3NF

Normal form 3NF fulfilled if the form meets 2NF, and if there are no non-primary key attribute that has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (transitive dependencies).

Example

Table following students eligible 2NF, 3NF, but does not meet

Because the table above there is still non-primary key attribute (ie, Kota and Provinsi), which has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (ie KodePos), namely:

KodePos > {Kota, Provinsi}

So that the table in the decomposition needs to be:

Mahasiswa (NIM, NamaMhs, Jalan, KodePos)

KodePos (KodePos, Provinsi, Kota)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form constraint has a stronger form of the Normal third. To be BNCF, relations must be in the form of Normal First and forced each of the attributes depends on the function in the super key attributes.

In the example below there is a relationship seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.

Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar. Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM in this example and show a Seminar adviser

Example

Seminar relation is a Third Normal Form, but not BCNF because Code Seminar is still dependent on the function adviser, if any adviser can only teach a seminar. Depending on the seminar is not a super key attributes such as required by BCNF. But relations Seminar should be parsed into two namely:

Normal form of the fourth and fifth

Relations in the fourth normal form (NF 4) if the relation in BCNF and dependency not contain many values. To remove the dependency of many values from a relation, we divide the relationship into two new relations. Each relation contains two attributes that have a lot of relationship value.
Relations in fifth normal form (5NF) deal with the property called the join without any loss of information (lossless join). Fifth normal form (also called the 5 NF PJNF (projection join normal form). The case is very rare and appears difficult to detect in practice.

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

DEFINITION Database

• Definition of the database:
  • A set of data stored in the magnetic disk, optical disk or other secondary storage
    Collection of integrated data-related data of an enterprise (company, government or private)
  • manufacturing production planning, actual production data, data ordering materials, etc.
• Company data
  hospital patient data, doctor, nurse, etc.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• Collection / database combined with software applications that are based database
• Application programs are used to access and maintain databases
• The main purpose DBMS is to provide an environment that is efficient and easy to use, withdrawal and storage of data and information

BIT, BYTE, FIELD

• bit is the smallest pieces of data that contains the value 0 or 1
• Byte – set of bit-bit similar
• Field – set of byte-byte similar, in the database used the term attribute

ATRIBUT/FIELD

• It is the nature or characteristics of an entity that provides provide detail on these entities
• A relationship can also have attributes
• Example attributes:
  STUDENTS: NIM, NAME, ADDRESS
  CAR: NOMOR_PLAT, COLOR, TYPE, CC

TYPE-TYPE Attribute

• Single vs. multi value
  can be filled only at most one value
  • Single
    can be filled with more than one value with the same type of
  • Multi value

• Atomic vs. composition
  can not be divided into the attributes of smaller
  • Atomic can not be divided into a smaller attribute
  • Composition is a combination of several attributes of a smaller

TYPE-TYPE Attribute (2)

• Derived attribute
  • attributes resulting from the date of birthàattribute value can be derived from the value of other attributes, eg age
• Null Value attribute
  • Attributes that have no value to a record
• Mandatory attribute Value
  • Attributes must have values

Record / Tuple

• It is a line of data in a relationship
• Consists of the set of attributes where the attribute-attribute-attribute is to inform each other entity / relationship fully

Entity / File

• File is a collection of similar records and have the same elements, the same attributes but different data in its value.
• File Type
  In processing applications, files can be categorized as follows:
  Master File
  Transaction File
  File Report
  File History
  File Protection
  Job File

Domain

• Domain is the set of values that are allowed to reside in one or more attributes. Each attribute in a database relational is defined as a domain

Element key data

• Key elements of record which is used to find these records at the time of access, or can also be used to identify each entity / record / line.

SPECIES OF KEY

• Super key is one or more attributes of a table that can be used to identify entity / record of the table are unique (not all attributes can be super key)
• Candidate Key is a super key with minimal attributes. Candidate must not contain a key attribute of the table so that the other candidate key is certain super key but not necessarily vice versa.
• Primary Key
  One of the key attributes of the candidate can be selected / specified a primary key with the three following criteria:
  1. Key is more natural to use as reference
  2. Key is more simple
  3. Key is guaranteed its uniqueness

SPECIES OF KEY (2)

• Alternate Key is an attribute of the candidate key is not selected to be primary key.
• Foreign Key is any attribute that point to the primary key in another table. Foreign key will be going on a relationship that has cardinalities one to many (one to many) or many to many (many to many). Foreign key is usually always put on the table that point to many.
• External Key is a lexical attribute (or set of lexical attributes) that values are always identify an object instance.

ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)

• ERD is a model of a network that uses word order is stored in the abstract system.
• Differences between the DFD and ERD
  DFD is a model of network functions that will be implemented by the system
  ERD is a model that emphasizes the network data on the structure and relationship data

Elements of the ERD

• Entity
  In the ER Diagram Entity is described with the form of a rectangle. Entity is something that exists in the real system and the abstract where the data stored or where there are data.
• Relationship
  ER diagram on the relationship can be described with a lozenge. Relationship is a natural relationship that occurs between entities. In general, the name given to the verb base making it easier to do the reading that relation
• Relationship Degree
  is the number of entities participating in a relationship. Degree which is often used in the ERD.
• Attribute
  is the nature or characteristics of each entity and relationship
• Cardinality
  tupel indicates the maximum number that can be related with entities on the other entity

Degree of relationship

• Unary Relationship
  model is the relationship between the entity originating from the same entity set.
• Binary Relationship
  model is the relationship between 2 entities.
• Ternary Relationship
  is a relationship between the instance of 3 types of entities are unilateral.

CARDINALITY

There are 3 cardinality relations, namely

• One to One: Level one to one relationship with the one stated in the entity’s first event, only had one relationship with one incident in which the two entities and vice versa.
• One to Many or Many to One: Level one to many relationship is the same as the one to many depending on the direction from which the relationship to be seen. For an incident on the first entity can have any relationship with many incident on the second entity, if the one incident on the entity the second can only have one relationships with the incident on the first entity.
• Many to Many: if any incident occurs in an entity many have relationships with other entities in the incident.

Notation (E-R diagram)

Symbolic notation in the ER diagram is

• 1. Rectangle represent the collective entity
  2. Circle represent the attributes
  3. Rhomb part explains collective relationships
  4. Line as the set of relationships between the entity and the collective entity with that Set of attributes

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Draw part of system into the smaller module. To easy the user that not understand computer field to know system that will work.

Context Diagram

• consist of one process and draw veil from a system
• Is high level from the DFD that drawing all input to the system and output from system
• to limit system with boundary (drawing with break line)
• May not have a storage

Nol Diagram

• drawing from DFD process
• give the opinion as comprehensive about the system that to take, showing function or prime process that there is, flow data and external entry
• on this level may be have data storage
• for process that not detail again on the next level then to add symbol ‘ * ’ or ‘ P ‘ on the end number process
• balancing from input and output between 0 diagram with the context diagram must maintain

Detail Diagram

• is the diagram that apart process what that there is in 0 diagram or on level
• In one level good not be found more from 7 process and maximal 9, if more then must do decompositions

Process Specification

• Every process in DFD must have a process specification
• On the top level, method which used for describing process can using descriptive sentence
• On the more detail level that is on most under process (functional primitive) is need more structured specification.
• Process specification will be manual for programmer in making a program (coding)
• Method which used for process specification: part of process in a story form, decision table, decision tree.

Outside Unit

• Something out of system, but it give data into the system or give data from system
• Symbolized with notation box
• External entity is not include a part of system
• Naming :
• Terminal’s name is a noun
• Terminal mustn’t have same name except it is a same object

Data flow

· Is the place for information flowing

· Described by straight line which connecting components from system

· Data flow pointed by an arrow and line named depends on data flow that flowing

· Data flow flowing between process, data storage and showing data flow from incoming data for system

Data flow 2

· Giving name manual :

· Data flow’s name such as some word’s flow connect with connected line

· There’s no data flow that has a same name and name’s giving must describe the content

· Data flow from some elements can declare as a group element

· Avoid using word data and information giving data flow a name

· You must write the data flow name completely

Data flow 3

Other rule

· Data flow’s name which come into a process must not same with data flow’s name which come out from that process

· Data flow which come in or out from data storage not have to given name if:

· Simple data flow and easy to understand

· Data flow describing all of data item

· There must no data flow from terminal to data storage or the contrary because terminal is not part of system, terminal and data storage connection must pass through process

Process

• Process is what doing by system
• Process can turn data or incoming data flow become an outcome data flow
• Process has function in transforming one or more incoming data become one or more outcome data fits with needed specification
• Each process has one or more income and produce one or more outcome
• Process is also called bubble

Process 2

• Manual name given process:
• Process name from verb and noun which describe function of that process
• Do not use process word as a part of bubbles name
• There’s must no process which has a same name
• Process must given number. Number series must follow the stream or process number, but series numbers doesn’t mean its an absolute chronological series process

Data saved

• Data storage is data saved place in a system
• Symbolized with a pair of one or two row lines with one side open
• Process can take data from or give data to database
• Giving name manual:
• Name must describe data storage
• If name has more than one word so must given connect sign

Data Dictionary

• Has a function to help system subject for translate the application with detail and organize every element data which being used by system absolutely so the subject and system analyze has same basic definition about income, outcome, saved, and process
• On analysis phrase, data dictionary used as communication tools between system analysis and user
• On designing system phrase, data dictionary used for designing input, report, and database
• Data flow in DAD is global, more detail explanation can be see on data dictionary

Data Dictionary 2

· Data dictionary is including such things:

· Data flow’s name: must noted so readers who needs more explanation about data flow can search for it easily

· Alias: Alias or other name could be written if there’s so

· Data shape : used for organizing dictionary data dictionary to their function when designing system

· Data flow: show where data flows from and where data goes

· Explanation : give an explanation about meaning of data flow

Balancing in DFD

· Income and outcome data flow from one process must same with income and outcome data flow from detail process in level under them

· Income and outcome data flow from one process must same with income and outcome data flow from that detail process

· The number and name of outside entity from a process is same as the number and name from outside entity from that detail process

· Things that must be concern on DFD which has more than one level:

· Output and input must be balance from one and next level

· Balance between level 0 and 1 can looked on the input/output from data stream to or from level 0 terminal, balance between level 1 and 2 looked on the input/output from data system to/from the recent process

· Data flow name, data storage, and terminal in each level must same if the object same

Avoid in DFD

• Data flow not from outside entity and direct to other outside entity without any process
• Data flow not from saved data direct to outside entity without any process
• Data flow not from saved data direct to other saved data without any process
• Data flow not from one process direct to one saved data or the opponent / must be avoided

First Monitoring, Requirement Analysis

Investigation System Concept

• Discrepancy of difference between target system and condition system in fact.
• Report detect problem not really real

- target too ideal

- Lacking resource or attitude

- Measurement system less accurate

- Target system which have remainder

- Difference between ideal system and while system

• Problem Solving :

- explain system which run

- Getting ideal system consensus

- Developing some alternative

- Chosen best alternative

Target Investigation à showing the problem of which in fact happened

Problem on the Investigation System

- Time

- Expense

- Knowledge

- Politic

- Interference

Result from investigation is a containing recommendation for example:

- not bring an action anything

- do the maintenance system

- Improving ability or skill of user

- Considering system modification totally

- Placing problem that happened into system development plan which immediately done

Investigation Tactics

• Why we need tactics?

- Finding all problem

- Know about the causes of the problems

- Get the right solution

Investigation tactics needs to do so that the system elements can accept the solution offer without disturbing their activity.

Some tactics can do?

• Listen the opinion from user system
• Don’t give early solution
• Compare the story from some user system to same case
• Pay attention to inconsistention logical problems

Live:

• Questioner
• Interview
• Observation

Non Live:

• Procedural flow
• Document Studying
• Sample
• Tabular

Current Description System:

• Input
• Output
• File
• Data Element
• Transaction Volume and Document of action
• Data flowing chart

Analysis need

The intensive interaction part between system analysis and end user where the development team show their ability to get a good response and gain trust from the user so that they get a good participant.

4 purposes to be achieved:

• Explaining the system briefly
• Drawing an ideal system information
• Bringing an ideal system information to the current condition by paying attention to the resource problem
• Giving a support to the user’s trust into system development

Method:

• Interview
• Questioner
• Observation
• Analysis procedural
• Document Observation

Resource Problem:

• Time
• Money
• Skill
• Technology
• External Factor

Document for analysis need:

· Analysis direction: the relationship between end user, observation process, problems in collecting data.

· User need: the real need, the report need, the training need, and new system influence.

· System’s problem: explain about the problems in time and cost, skill, technology and external factor.

· Documents in form of data collection, statistic consensus, data flowing in physic and logical, data element in the beginning of data’s dictionary.

How to getting close to current system condition with an ideal system condition?

• Making an alternative to solve the problems of the information system.
• The best alternative then applied wisely.

Strategy’s choice

• Distributed versus centralized processing

The changing of information decision from centralized data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center

• Integrated versus dispersed database

The system maker should consider what data that can get into the database and get into the file.

• Surround Strategy of System Development

The environment that surrounds the important strategy in overtaking a company because the system information from other company might different with the current company.

Tactical choice

Tactical choice is done before the operational designation choice.

Operational designation choice

Designation choice can be divided into:

• Input
  • Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
  • Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
  • Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
• Processing
  • Batch Vs Realtime record update
  • Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
  • Single Vs Multiple User update of records
• Output
  • Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
  • Structured Vs Inquiry based reports

Comparing tactic: the system is compared based on the costs and the advantages relatively. There are 3 system ways that can be said better than the other system if:

• A is having a lower cost than B and the advantages of both system is the same.
• A is having a lower cost than B and A is producing more advantages than B.
• A and B are having a lower cost but the advantages that produced by A is better.

Some system comparison method

• Break Even point Analyisis
• Payback Period
• Discounted PayBack period
• Internal Rate of Return

Cost category

• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Suppliers
• Teleccommunications
• Physical sites

Cost detail

To compare the system information cost through life system, an analysis to give a brief explanation on how much the cost for future and there are 3 model of system information cost, which is Linear, Eksponensial dan Step Function.

System information cost might happen only once and might happen continously.

• System information cost that happen only once is ontime cost and development coost that happen when developing the system.
• System information cost that happen contiously is reccuring cost and operational cost where these costs happen when the system operates daily.

Qualitative factor that point to the good system information, such as:

• Reducing the error
• Reducing the time to solve the error
• Reducing the response time from alternative workstation.
• Fastened the time to supply information.
• Increasing the security system.
• Increasing the active record resource updates.
• Increasing the consumer’s satisfation.

Company strategic factor

• Consumer’s satisfaction
• Selling product is increased
• Commitment between the vendor and consumer
• Product information marketing

Presentating the learning system

• Do a short presentation
• Minimalizing a technical explanation with detail
• Presenting brielfy with the visual helping tool
• If using a model then use a helping tool such as notebook so that it can be more informative
• Point out the advantages from system information suggestion with some alternative that suits with the condition that occur in the company

The decision to continue or not

• If the company decides to develop the system then the department of information will process the next step which is system design process.
• If the opposite occurs then System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be stopped.
• Sometimes there
• Model will explain some part that repeatedly and sometimes the department of information will make a decision to repeat the part before explaining the system study.
• With some alternative, the decision to repeat a previous part of SDLC or not be said as go – no – go decision

Investigation System Concept

• Discrepancy of difference between target system and condition system in fact.
• Report detect problem not really real

- target too ideal

- Lacking resource or attitude

- Measurement system less accurate

- Target system which have remainder

- Difference between ideal system and while system

• Problem Solving :

- explain system which run

- Getting ideal system consensus

- Developing some alternative

- Chosen best alternative

Target Investigation à showing the problem of which in fact happened

Problem on the Investigation System

- Time

- Expense

- Knowledge

- Politic

- Interference

Result from investigation is a containing recommendation for example:

- not bring an action anything

- do the maintenance system

- Improving ability or skill of user

- Considering system modification totally

- Placing problem that happened into system development plan which immediately done

Investigation Tactics

• Why we need tactics?

- Finding all problem

- Know about the causes of the problems

- Get the right solution

Investigation tactics needs to do so that the system elements can accept the solution offer without disturbing their activity.

Some tactics can do?

• Listen the opinion from user system
• Don’t give early solution
• Compare the story from some user system to same case
• Pay attention to inconsistention logical problems

Live:

• Questioner
• Interview
• Observation

Non Live:

• Procedural flow
• Document Studying
• Sample
• Tabular

Current Description System:

• Input
• Output
• File
• Data Element
• Transaction Volume and Document of action
• Data flowing chart

Analysis need

The intensive interaction part between system analysis and end user where the development team show their ability to get a good response and gain trust from the user so that they get a good participant.

4 purposes to be achieved:

• Explaining the system briefly
• Drawing an ideal system information
• Bringing an ideal system information to the current condition by paying attention to the resource problem
• Giving a support to the user’s trust into system development

Method:

• Interview
• Questioner
• Observation
• Analysis procedural
• Document Observation

Resource Problem:

• Time
• Money
• Skill
• Technology
• External Factor

Document for analysis need:

· Analysis direction: the relationship between end user, observation process, problems in collecting data.

· User need: the real need, the report need, the training need, and new system influence.

· System’s problem: explain about the problems in time and cost, skill, technology and external factor.

· Documents in form of data collection, statistic consensus, data flowing in physic and logical, data element in the beginning of data’s dictionary.

How to getting close to current system condition with an ideal system condition?

• Making an alternative to solve the problems of the information system.
• The best alternative then applied wisely.

Strategy’s choice

• Distributed versus centralized processing

The changing of information decision from centralized data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center

• Integrated versus dispersed database

The system maker should consider what data that can get into the database and get into the file.

• Surround Strategy of System Development

The environment that surrounds the important strategy in overtaking a company because the system information from other company might different with the current company.

Tactical choice

Tactical choice is done before the operational designation choice.

Operational designation choice

Designation choice can be divided into:

• Input
  • Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
  • Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
  • Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
• Processing
  • Batch Vs Realtime record update
  • Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
  • Single Vs Multiple User update of records
• Output
  • Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
  • Structured Vs Inquiry based reports

Comparing tactic: the system is compared based on the costs and the advantages relatively. There are 3 system ways that can be said better than the other system if:

• A is having a lower cost than B and the advantages of both system is the same.
• A is having a lower cost than B and A is producing more advantages than B.
• A and B are having a lower cost but the advantages that produced by A is better.

Some system comparison method

• Break Even point Analyisis
• Payback Period
• Discounted PayBack period
• Internal Rate of Return

Cost category

• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Suppliers
• Teleccommunications
• Physical sites

Cost detail

To compare the system information cost through life system, an analysis to give a brief explanation on how much the cost for future and there are 3 model of system information cost, which is Linear, Eksponensial dan Step Function.

System information cost might happen only once and might happen continously.

• System information cost that happen only once is ontime cost and development coost that happen when developing the system.
• System information cost that happen contiously is reccuring cost and operational cost where these costs happen when the system operates daily.

Qualitative factor that point to the good system information, such as:

• Reducing the error
• Reducing the time to solve the error
• Reducing the response time from alternative workstation.
• Fastened the time to supply information.
• Increasing the security system.
• Increasing the active record resource updates.
• Increasing the consumer’s satisfation.

Company strategic factor

• Consumer’s satisfaction
• Selling product is increased
• Commitment between the vendor and consumer
• Product information marketing

Presentating the learning system

• Do a short presentation
• Minimalizing a technical explanation with detail
• Presenting brielfy with the visual helping tool
• If using a model then use a helping tool such as notebook so that it can be more informative
• Point out the advantages from system information suggestion with some alternative that suits with the condition that occur in the company

The decision to continue or not

• If the company decides to develop the system then the department of information will process the next step which is system design process.
• If the opposite occurs then System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be stopped.
• Sometimes there
• Model will explain some part that repeatedly and sometimes the department of information will make a decision to repeat the part before explaining the system study.
• With some alternative, the decision to repeat a previous part of SDLC or not be said as go – no – go decision

Necessary System Development

1. What is the importance of developing an information system?

System development can be meaning arrange a new system to replace old system as a whole or repair system which already there is.

Old system requires repair or replacement because:

• there is problems
• not all right in the organization growth system
• to reach a opportunities
• there is directives

2. What is the purpose or goal of developing an information system?

Destination of system development:

• Solving problems
• reach a opportunities
• fulfill given instruction

3. What are the organization’s expectations after implementing an information system?

With already expanding of new system, hence expected will happened increase on new system. This increase related is:

• Performance

Can be measured from throughput and response time

Throughput is amount from work can do by certain moment. Response time is average time delay in two transactions or work added with time of response to responds to that work.

• Information

Increase to quality of presented information.

• Economy

Increase to benefits or advantages or decreasing cost that happened.

• Control

Increase to control for detecting and repair mistake and also fraudulent will happen.

• Efficiency

Increase to operation efficiency.

• Services

Increase to service given by system.

4. What are the principles of developing an information system?

Principle system development

• System for Management
• developed system is big infestation

All infestation must be consideration:

• 1. 1. all alternative in must be investigated
     2. the best investigation must valuable
• developed system needed educated human
• phase of work and task must do system development
• developed system process not must partaking
• don’t fear to canceled project
• documentation must be guidance in system development

5. Please explain at least three system development life cycle models!

Model Waterfall has a 5 statement:

a. Requirement: in process requirement this is systems analysis does need collecting process from customer and or top management either from aspect area also business strategy, towards system and or desirable application.

b. Design: in this stage us does systems analysis process, future that need, need from application that be made good to also the application. Beside that, here we also begin to make design plan from system, like interfaces delegation, the data structure, the architecture, and as it.

c. Implementation: implementation process has been continuation from where did we begin to implementation design that made to into program codes that be read by engine language.

d. Verification: process verification here same like testing process towards system and or application that made. This process focus in internal logic from application that made, as certain that any line coding checking. Beside that here we also have done testing process towards possibility towards errors from system that made.

e. Maintenance: process maintenance here be repair process and maintenance towards system that made. Repair process here done when application and or system that made to experience error after to customer so that must necessary repair process towards system and or caused by development towards an OS so that application must be repaired again to be update.

Model Iteratif have a 8 statement:

Iteratif Model here same with waterfall model, here found same processes, like requirement, design, implementation, and testing (verification).

a. Initial planning: be beginning planning process and or beginning ideas to make a system.

b. Planning: planning here be a thinking that ripe towards system that be made.

c. Requirement: same like in process requirement waterfall model, here systems analysis does need collecting process from customer and or management on towards system and or desirable application.

d. Analysis and design: in this stage us does systems analysis process, future everything that need, need from application that be made good to also the application. Beside that, here we also begin to make design plan from system, like interfaces delegation, the data structure, the architecture, and as it.

e. Implementation: implementation process has been continuation from where did we begin to implementation the design that made to into program codes that be read by engine language.

f. Deployment: process deployment here purpose has been distribution process towards system that made, in our meaning distributes before hand system to society before do testing so that we know our system deficit.

g. Testing, process testing here we have done testing towards system and or application that made. This process focus in internal logic from application that made, ascertain that any line coding checking. Beside that here we also have done testing process towards possibility towards errors from system that made.

h. Evaluation: process evaluation here be repair process, maintenance and renewal towards system that made. Repair process here done when application and or system that made to experience error after to customer so that must necessary repair process towards system. Maintenance process and renewal be done caused by development towards an OS so that application must be repaired again to update. In renewal process here will return to do process planning, data collecting (requirement), analysis system and design, implementation, deployment, testing and return again to evaluation. If there development again, so this cycle be repeated again.

Model Spiral:

In this spiral model, when is process revolutionary begun, system engineer team moves clockwise surround spiral begun from the kernel. Spiral rotation first track produces development from product specification. Spiral rotation furthermore may be worn to develop a prototype, and progressively develop system version will be increase. Each track that pass planning region produces to setting in project plan.

6. Please explain approaches of developing a system!

• classic approach opponent structure approach
  1. classic approach
     1. Steps in SDLC.
     2. not involve consumer, more emphasizing system analyst
     3. Problems: difficult development, expense costly treatment, possibility big mistake, success less, problem of applying
  2. structure approach
     1. Consumer involved from early determining requirement of system
     2. Using tools-tools like data of flow diagram

• approach of rasher opponent approach system
  1. approach of rasher
     1. Emphasizing at application or activity
     2. Heedless of entirety target
  2. approach system
     1. See system as one intact unity
     2. Emphasizing at goal achievement as a whole

• approach bottom-up approach opponent to the up-down approach
  1. approach bottom-up
     1. start from level bottom is operational
     2. is a classic approach marking
     3. recognized with term of data-analysis

• 1. up-down approach
     1. start from up level is planning of strategy
     2. is a marking approach of structure
     3. recognized also with decision-analysis

• approach system totally opponent approach modular
  1. approach system totally
     1. Developing system at a time and totally
     2. is a marking classic approach
  2. approach modular
     1. Breaking complicated system become the parts of simple
     2. developed system become timely, easy to comprehended and looked after
     3. is a marking approach modular

• great-loop approach opponent evolutionary approach
  1. great-loop approach

• 1. 1. Developing system at a time use sophisticated technology
     2. high risk and finished many expense

• 1. evolutionary approach
     1. Applying sophisticated technology for certain applications
     2. Developed to follow requirement.
     3. Cost effective and can keep abreast of technology

7. Please explain the meaning of methodology, method and algorithm!

• What that methodology?

Methods which is used in science

• What that method?

Way of systematic to do something

• What that algorithm?

Procedure to solve problem

8. Please explain the three classifications of development methodology

• Functional decomposition

a. Emphasizing resolving of system become subsystem.

b. example: HIPO, Stepwise refinement, iterative stepwise refinement, information hiding

• Data-oriented

Emphasizing at data characteristic which is processed

• Prescriptive

Usually provided by factory maker of software

9. Please mention tools for developing a system!

• In form of graph: HIPO, SADT, Jackson’s Diagram, and others.
• Appliance using schema:

a. Activity charting: depicting activity, example: Chart Gant, flowchart, etc

b. Layout charting: depicting to arrange situation

c. Personal relationship charting: depicting personnel relation example: chart organization, chart distribution working

10. Please explain techniques used in developing a system

• Management technique of project of? for schedule project , example : CPM and PERT
• Technique find fact? to collect and determine data / fact
• Technique cost analysis / benefit? and cost-benefit of cost-effectiveness analysis
• Technique run meeting
• Inspection technique

11. Please explain the differences of being a system analyst and a programmer and also mention what are the knowledge a system analyst should posses

• System analyst: studying problems and determine requirement of user of system to identify resolving
• Programmer : writing program code pursuant to designing made by analyst
• System analyst undertake to link difference of knowledge that happened user of and system of programmer

Needed knowledge:

· Data-processing technology and computer of programming

· Knowledge of business in general.

· Quantitative method: regress, linear programming, etc

· Trouble-shooting expert

· Communications expert between personnel

· expert construct relation between personnel

ANALYSIS AND DESAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM ( ADSI)

TOPICS :

• Elementary Concept ADSI
• Common Evaluation of System Development
• Policy and System Design
• Systems Analysis
• Desain System
• Selection System
• System Implementation
• Presentation of Project

ELEMENTARY CONCEPT :

• What that System ?
• What is Information?
• What is Information System?
• Who got mixed up with Information System?
• Why need Information System?
• How to develop Information System?

What is System ?

System definition can be seen from two approach, that is approach of procedure and approach of component / element

System is a network work from procedures which is interaction, gathering together to do an activity or to finish a certain target

Procedure is a correct medley of instruction steps explaining what which must be done, who doing, when done and how do it

• System is corps of elements which is have interaction to reach specific-purpose.

• SYSTEM :           a. reaching a target ( Goal)

b. reaching a target (Objective)

CHARACTERISTIC SYSTEM

• Components

-   Component which interact, work along to form one unity.

- Supra System

• Boundry

- Limiting system with other system / external environment

• Environment

- Any beyond the bounds of from system which is influence system operation

• Interface

- Link media between one system sub with other system sub

• Input

- included Energi into system can in the form of treatment input and input of sinyal

• Output

- Result of from processed energi and classified to become output which good for and rest of dismissal

• Process

- Change input become output

• Target ( objective) / Target (goal)

- Otherwise have the target of hence system operation there will be no utilizing of. System told to succeced when have hit target / its target

The Classification Of System

a. Deterministic System

The Certain system operate with behaviour which have earned can be predicted, interaction between its sharess can be detected categorically so that its output can be forecasted. for example of : Computer programe, executing precisely as according to its instruction network. System of pay, and others.

b. Probabilistic System

The System which is input and its process can be defined, but yielded output cannot be determined categorically; ( always there is a little mistake / deviation to forecast of the way system). for Example : marketing system)

c. Open System

The system that relation and effect external environment .This system accept input and yield output for external environment / the other sub system, so that have good operation system. This system tend to measure up to adaptation, can adapt to its environment so that can continue its.

d. Closed System

The System Physical where the process that happened do not experience of transfer of items, information or energy with environment outside system. This system work automatically without existence of interfere in of external side of it.

e. Relatively Closed System

The closed System but doesn’t closed at all to accept other influences. This system in its operation can accept influence from outside which have been defined in certain boundarys.

f. Artificial System

The System imitating occurence in system. This system is formed pursuant to occurence in nature where human being unable to do it. Equally imitat exist in nature.

g. Natural System

The natural System is occurence in nature. for Example of : sea, solar system and others.

h. Manned System

The System explanations of behaviour covering human being taking part in. This system can be depicted in way of as follows:

The System of Human being focus the relations between human being

The System of Human being – Machine, System which involve machine to a target

The Machine System, automatic system where human being have duty to start and finish system, meanwhile human being entangled also to monitor system.

Information

Data is fact. Information is data that processed become better form and more meaning to accept it. If data is not useful to accept it so the data cannot be referred as by information.

Quality Of Information

To get information with quality, then information must have:

Accurately : Information free from mistakes and doesn’t deflect or mislead

Punctually : Incoming information at receiver may not lose time

Relevantly : Information is have benefit for its usage.

Information will be valuable if big added significance of expense get it

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